信号通路
  • Anti-infection
    Arenavirus
    Bacterial
    CMV
    Enterovirus
    Filovirus
    Fungal
    HBV
    HCV
    HIV
    HSV
    Influenza Virus
    Parasite
    Reverse Transcriptase
    RSV
    SARS-CoV
    Virus Protease
  • Antibody-drug Conjugate/ADC Related
    ADC Cytotoxin
    ADC Linker
    Drug-Linker Conjugates for ADC
    PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
  • Apoptosis
    Apoptosis
    FKBP
    Bcl-2 Family
    c-Myc
    Caspase
    DAPK
    Ferroptosis
    IAP
    MDM-2/p53
    PKD
    RIP kinase
    Survivin
    Thymidylate Synthase
    TNF Receptor
  • Autophagy
    Autophagy
    LRRK2
    Mitophagy
    ULK
  • Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
    Antifolate
    APC
    ATM/ATR
    Aurora Kinase
    Casein Kinase
    CDK
    Checkpoint Kinase (Chk)
    CRISPR/Cas9
    Deubiquitinase
    DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker
    DNA-PK
    DNA/RNA Synthesis
    Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF)
    G-quadruplex
    Haspin Kinase
    HDAC
    HSP
    IRE1
    Kinesin
    LIM Kinase (LIMK)
    Microtubule/Tubulin
    Mps1
    Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog
    p97
    PAK
    PARP
    PERK
    Polo-like Kinase (PLK)
    PPAR
    RAD51
    ROCK
    Sirtuin
    SRPK
    Telomerase
    TOPK
    Topoisomerase
    Wee1
  • Cytoskeleton
    Arp2/3 Complex
    Dynamin
    Gap Junction Protein
    Integrin
    Kinesin
    Microtubule/Tubulin
    Mps1
    Myosin
    PAK
  • Epigenetics
    AMPK
    Aurora Kinase
    DNA Methyltransferase
    Epigenetic Reader Domain
    HDAC
    Histone Acetyltransferase
    Histone Demethylase
    Histone Methyltransferase
    JAK
    MicroRNA
    PARP
    PKC
    Protein Arginine Deiminase
    TAM Receptor
    Sirtuin
  • GPCR/G Protein
    5-HT Receptor
    Adenosine Receptor
    Adenylate Cyclase
    Adiponectin Receptor
    Adrenergic Receptor
    Angiotensin Receptor
    Bombesin Receptor
    Bradykinin Receptor
    Cannabinoid Receptor
    CaSR
    CCR
    CGRP Receptor
    Cholecystokinin Receptor
    CRFR
    CXCR
    Dopamine Receptor
    EBI2/GPR183
    Endothelin Receptor
    GHSR
    Glucagon Receptor
    Glucocorticoid Receptor
    GNRH Receptor
    GPCR19
    GPR109A
    GPR119
    GPR120
    GPR139
    GPR40
    GPR55
    GPR84
    Guanylate Cyclase
    Histamine Receptor
    Imidazoline Receptor
    Leukotriene Receptor
    LPL Receptor
    mAChR
    MCHR1 (GPR24)
    Melanocortin Receptor
    Melatonin Receptor
    mGluR
    Motilin Receptor
    Neurokinin Receptor
    Neuropeptide Y Receptor
    Neurotensin Receptor
    Opioid Receptor
    Orexin Receptor (OX Receptor)
    Oxytocin Receptor
    P2Y Receptor
    Prostaglandin Receptor
    Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR)
    Ras
    RGS Protein
    Sigma Receptor
    Somatostatin Receptor
    TSH Receptor
    Urotensin Receptor
    Vasopressin Receptor
  • Immunology/Inflammation
    Arginase
    Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
    CCR
    Complement System
    COX
    CXCR
    FLAP
    Histamine Receptor
    IFNAR
    Interleukin Related
    IRAK
    MyD88
    NO Synthase
    NOD-like Receptor (NLR)
    PD-1/PD-L1
    PGE synthase
    Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK)
    SPHK
    STING
    Thrombopoietin Receptor
    Toll-like Receptor (TLR)
    CD73
    Reactive Oxygen Species
    Galectin
  • JAK/STAT Signaling
    EGFR
    JAK
    Pim
    STAT
  • MAPK/ERK Pathway
    ERK
    JNK
    KLF
    MAP3K
    MAP4K
    MAPKAPK2 (MK2)
    MEK
    Mixed Lineage Kinase
    MNK
    p38 MAPK
    Raf
    Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK)
  • Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel
    ATP Synthase
    BCRP
    Calcium Channel
    CFTR
    Chloride Channel
    CRAC Channel
    CRM1
    EAAT2
    GABA Receptor
    GlyT
    HCN Channel
    iGluR
    Monoamine Transporter
    Monocarboxylate Transporter
    Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger
    Na+/HCO3- Cotransporter
    Na+/K+ ATPase
    nAChR
    NKCC
    P-glycoprotein
    P2X Receptor
    Potassium Channel
    Proton Pump
    SGLT
    Sodium Channel
    TRP Channel
    URAT1
  • Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
    15-PGDH
    5 alpha Reductase
    5-Lipoxygenase
    Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
    Acyltransferase
    Adenosine Deaminase
    Adenosine Kinase
    Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)
    Aldose Reductase
    Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase
    Aminopeptidase
    Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)
    Arginase
    ATGL
    ATP Citrate Lyase
    Carbonic Anhydrase
    Carboxypeptidase
    Cathepsin
    CETP
    COMT
    Cytochrome P450
    Dipeptidyl Peptidase
    Dopamine β-hydroxylase
    Drug Metabolite
    E1/E2/E3 Enzyme
    Elastase
    Endogenous Metabolite
    Enolase
    FAAH
    FABP
    Factor Xa
    Farnesyl Transferase
    Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS)
    FXR
    Glucokinase
    GSNOR
    Gutathione S-transferase
    HCV Protease
    Hexokinase
    HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase
    HIV Integrase
    HIV Protease
    HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR)
    HSP
    Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO)
    Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)
    Lactate Dehydrogenase
    LXR
    MAGL
    Mineralocorticoid Receptor
    Mitochondrial Metabolism
    MMP
    NADPH Oxidase
    Nampt
    NEDD8-activating Enzyme
    Neprilysin
    PAI-1
    PDHK
    PGC-1α
    Phosphatase
    Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
    Phospholipase
    Procollagen C Proteinase
    Proteasome
    Pyruvate Kinase
    RAR/RXR
    Renin
    ROR
    Ser/Thr Protease
    SGK
    Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)
    Thrombin
    Tryptophan Hydroxylase
    Tyrosinase
    Xanthine Oxidase
    Glutaminase
    Glutathione Peroxidase
  • Neuronal Signaling
    5-HT Receptor
    AChE
    Adenosine Kinase
    Amyloid-β
    Beta-secretase
    CaMK
    CGRP Receptor
    COMT
    Dopamine Receptor
    Dopamine Transporter
    FAAH
    GABA Receptor
    GlyT
    iGluR
    Imidazoline Receptor
    mAChR
    Melanocortin Receptor
    Melatonin Receptor
    Monoamine Oxidase
    nAChR
    Neurokinin Receptor
    Opioid Receptor
    Serotonin Transporter
    γ-secretase
  • NF-κB
    IKK
    Keap1-Nrf2
    MALT1
    NF-κB
  • PI3K/Akt/mTOR
    Akt
    AMPK
    ATM/ATR
    DNA-PK
    GSK-3
    MELK
    mTOR
    PDK-1
    PI3K
    PI4K
    PIKfyve
    PTEN
  • PROTAC
    E3 Ligase Ligand-Linker Conjugate
    Ligand for E3 Ligase
    PROTAC
    PROTAC Linker
    PROTAC-linker Conjugate for PAC
    Ligand for Target Protein for PROTAC
    SNIPER
    Target Protein Ligand-Linker Conjugate
  • Protein Tyrosine Kinase/RTK
    Ack1
    ALK
    Bcr-Abl
    BMX Kinase
    Btk
    c-Fms
    c-Kit
    c-Met/HGFR
    Discoidin Domain Receptor
    DYRK
    EGFR
    Ephrin Receptor
    FAK
    FGFR
    FLT3
    IGF-1R
    Insulin Receptor
    IRAK
    Itk
    PDGFR
    PKA
    Pyk2
    ROS
    Src
    Syk
    TAM Receptor
    Trk Receptor
    VEGFR
    RET
  • Stem Cell/Wnt
    Casein Kinase
    ERK
    Gli
    GSK-3
    Hedgehog
    Hippo (MST)
    JAK
    Notch
    Oct3/4
    PKA
    Porcupine
    ROCK
    sFRP-1
    Smo
    STAT
    TGF-beta/Smad
    Wnt
    YAP
    β-catenin
    γ-secretase
  • TGF-beta/Smad
    PKC
    ROCK
    TGF-beta/Smad
    TGF-β Receptor
  • Vitamin D Related
    VD/VDR
  • Others
    Androgen Receptor
    Aromatase
    Estrogen Receptor/ERR
    Progesterone Receptor
    Thyroid Hormone Receptor
    Others
  • Inhibitory Antibodies
  • Cytokines
  • ADC
  • Epigenetic Reader Dom

表观遗传

大脑中非常规的表观遗传现象.jpg


  表观遗传学又译为表征遗传学、拟遗传学、表遗传学、外遗传学以及后遗传学,在生物学和特定的遗传学领域,其研究的是在不改变DNA序列的前提下,通过某些机制引起可遗传的基因表达或细胞表现型的变化。

  表观遗传的现象很多,已知的有DNA甲基化,基因组印记,母体效应,基因沉默,核仁显性,休眠转座子激活和RNA编辑等。表征遗传学在真核生物中主要表现在细胞分化过程。在胚胎形态形成过程中,全能干细胞将分化成完全不同的细胞,即一个受精卵细胞分化出各种不同类型的细胞,包括神经细胞、肌肉细胞、上皮细胞、血管内皮细胞等,并通过抑制其他细胞和激活相关基因而进行持续的细胞分裂。

表观遗传学的主要调节机制如下:

       1.DNA修饰

       DNA甲基化是目前研究最充分的表观遗传修饰形式。正常的甲基化对于维持细胞的生长及代谢等是必需的,而异常的DNA甲基化则会引发疾病(如肿瘤),因为异常的甲基化一方面可能使抑癌基因无法转录,另一方面也会导致基因组不稳定。因此,研究DNA甲基化对于了解生物生长发育及疾病治疗是非常有帮助的。DNA修饰是指DNA共价结合一个修饰基团,使具有相同序列的等位基因处于不同修饰状态。

       2.组蛋白修饰

  真核生物DNA被组蛋白组成的核小体紧密包绕,组蛋白上的许多位点都可以被修饰,尤其是赖氨酸。组蛋白修饰可影响组蛋白与DNA双链的亲和性,从而改变染色质的疏松和凝集状态,进而影响转录因子等调节蛋白与染色质的结合,影响基因表达。

       3.非编码RNA调控

  非编码RNA指不能翻译为蛋白质的,具有调控作用的功能性RNA分子,在调控基因表达过程中发挥着很大的作用。非编码RNA调控是通过某些机制实现对基因转录的调控,如RNA干扰。

       4.染色质重塑

  染色质重塑是由染色质重塑复合物介导的一系列以染色质上核小体变化为基本特征的生物学过程,是一个重要的表观遗传学机制。

       5.核小体定位

  核小体是基因转录的障碍,被组蛋白紧密缠绕的DNA是无法与众多转录因子以及活化因子结合的。因此,核小体在基因组位置的改变对于调控基因表达有着重要影响。随着DNA复制、重组、修复以及转录控制等生命活动的开展,染色质上的核小体定位一直处于动态变化之中,这种不断的变化需要一系列染色质重塑复合体的作用。


技术支持 下载中心 学术文献 药理术语表
© Copyright 2019-2022 ChemeGen. All Rights Reserved.
友情链接:NCBI    丁香通    喀斯玛商城    快递100  
ChemeGen 所有产品仅用作科学研究,不用于任何人体实验及非科研性质的动物实验。